Nuclear waste management assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nu forgive bungle management assignment - Essay ExampleRadioactive louse up is dumped in the facility and unploughed there forever based on the assumption that radiation form this eat is containable for enormously large periods of times based on the engineering and structure of the repository and the types of rocks surrounding the facility. It is anticipate that while the waste is kept in the repository, level of radiation it emits will decrease with time.Since rock formations most the repository argon being depended upon to keep the radiation of the radioactive waste within the facility, location for the repository needs to be such that is surrounded by roc formations that can effectively add another restriction to the radiations escape.The repository will be built in a way that the waste is engulfed in multi layers barrier. When the repository is being designed, it needs to be ensured that its structure is such that in case waste needs to be retrieved, that can be easily ma naged.For those who believe that it will be an overnight transition, they are quite wrong. The government plan concerning its Managing Radioactive Waste Safely (MRWS) program span over a period of decades ant the first repository is thought to be ready by 2040 though modulate bodies are pushing to bring his date forward to the year 2029. This large scope of timelines makes it very clear that this project is not an easy one to undertake.The repository will not be functional for a long time for it does not only have to serve the purpose of a waste disposition site but it has to be safe and environmentally proven to be established. Unfortunately, safety is never a 100% guarantee in anything related to the nuclear industry but checks and balances are being kept in place to minimize any potential risk these repositories might pose. After site plectron and before building of a repository, a complete risk assessment of any potent psychic trauma the repository might bring will be done

JOHN AUGUSTUS AND EARLY PROBATION Research Paper

JOHN AUGUSTUS AND primordial PROBATION - Research Paper ExampleIt is the term that could be applied to the action of John Augustus when, in 1852, he bailed out an wrongdoer who was convicted for a conduct of misdemeanor. Howard Abadinsky (2009) narrated that he successfully proved before the Court that an offender has a chance to be rehabilitated and to become a good member of the society once again. In his first experience, Augustus saw in the offender the promise of behavior change. He in any case introduced investigation, which he carried out before he handled a case. Some features of his investigation process remained to be a part of the juvenile probation process. Augustus investigated the character, the age and influence of people he helped because he will be their guardian during the probation period. He also kept records of each offender which he surrendered to the court when probation period was over. This helped the judge to pass on a final decision.Maurice Vanstone ( 2009) discussed in his book that John Augustus was the first man to volunteer to become a probation officer, although at that time, probation was not yet established. His humanitarian motives could not be doubted because he worked for free. Although friends assisted him and donations poured in, his business as a shoemaker was eventually affected. He was not a lawyer, entirely he believed on the purpose of the law, that is for him is to crystalise criminals, and to prevent crime, and not to punish maliciously, or from spirit of revenge. His first focus was on drunkards but later on moved to other cases.He handled 2,000 cases of men, women, young and adult alike, with only 10 persons who jumped out of probation in all of his life. His crusade was not completely hassle-free because prosecutors, clerks of courts and policemen did not agree with him, since these men received a fee for cases disposed of by the Court. Thus, we see here professional jealousy, or corruption,

Face Negotiation Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Face talks Theory - Essay ExampleFacework refers to particular non-verbal as well as verbal messages that help in maintaining or re-building the loss of face. Different aspects of the Face-Negotiation Theories Anxiety and uncertainty can result in conflict that brings discomfort. jibe to Ting-Toomeys face-negotiation theory, it is mainly based on individualism and collectivism (Ting -Toomey, 2010). Harry Triandis states that three important distinctions amongst collectivistic and individualistic subtletys include the different ways in which members perceive the concepts of goals, self, and duty. More than 60% of the creative activitys population is born to collectivist cultures such as those in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Latin the States while the remainder, in nations such as Switzerland and Germany, live in individualist cultures (Ting -Toomey, 2010). For collectivist cultures such as that of Japan, it is presumed that hitherto the decisions made by the citizens on a n individual basis end up affecting the community. This government agency that it is constructive for the accepted norms of the group to determine individual choices. The Japanese We identity element is comparable to the I identity of the individualistic American society. In the use of meditation methods in the two types of cultures, the mediator encourages antagonists to deal instantaneously with their differences and keeps the conversation focused on the possibility of a final agreement. Ting Toomey states that in a culture, the citizens who grass it up differ in term of how much they identify with group solidarity or individualistic self-sufficiency. Timing-Toomey uses the terms independent as well as interdependent self to identify the extent to which a cultures members view themselves as being autonomous or in relation to others around them. The psychologists Shinobu Kitayama and chromatic Markus refer to this concept as self-image or self-construal (Ting -Toomey, 2010). In seemingly individualistic cultures such as the American culture, there may be certain changes that are noted in different ethnic groups. in that location are ethnic immigrants, for instance, that still practice collectivist habits and bring up their children in a collectivist culture, and to be highly interdependent. These select immigrant populations also encourage their citizens to engage in self-values that are interdependent and that high spot relational connectedness. It is common for the Western world to regard the maintenance of face to be a preponderantly Asian preoccupation. However, it is more common in other cultures as well, as it can be verbalise to be a different definition of the self-concept. The Max Plank Institute of Psycholinguistics Stephen Levinson and Penelope Brown throw away delimit the concept of face as being the public image of self that societys members wish to claim as being their own (Ting -Toomey, 2010). Lin Yutang, a Taiwanese author, on the o ther hand, defined face as being a psychological image that can be lost, granted to an individual, and even struggled for (Ting -Toomey, 2010). For Ting-Toomey, the concept of face is simply descriptive of the projective image of an individuals self in a relational setting. While people in individualistic societies struggle to preserve their own best images, those in collectivist cultures tend to focus on preserving the good images of their fellow man.

Cyber Bullying in Schools Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cyber Bullying in Schools - Term Paper ExampleThe penning also seeks to critically analyze the legal framework and policies that argon in place to combat the fuss of cyber hector. To this end, the paper has relied on information from sundry(a) pieces of decree. The paper pass on concentrate on implementation of legislation and schooltime programs to prevent and stop cyber strong-arming in schools. The research will therefore not seek in detail the other ways of combating cyber bullying like reporting cyber bullying to p arents, not responding to emails that are meant for bullying, among others. The paper recognizes that cyber bullying is not only a vice found among children simply also adults. The find out however does not look into the issue of cyber bullying among adults. Outline The paper is divided into three major(ip) parts. The first part is an introduction of the paper. This part outlines the concept of cyber bullying giving the various definitions that have been gi ven over by various authors. The introduction gives the various methods exercised in cyber bullying including use of the internet as well as mobile phones. This part also introduces the concepts of implementation of legislation and school programs to combat cyber bullying. These are the major action plans identified by the paper as solutions to the problem of cyber bullying. The introduction also identifies the various stakeholders who are the key players in the proposed solutions. These are also the audience of the paper, and these are identified as lawmakers, school heads, parents and students. The second part of the paper provides a background and a historical perspective of cyber bullying. In this part, cyber bullying is identified as a form of bullying that emerged as a result of the... This research will begin with the definition of bullying as an act of frightening or harassing a person who is supposedly weaker or smaller. This behavior is triggered by various aspects. For i nstance a person can be bullied because of their race, their gender, their familiar orientation, religion, weight, disability or even talent. Bullying can take many forms including physical bullying where a person can be kicked, hit or pushed. Bullying can also be communicative or through technology, which is referred to as cyber bullying. Bullying mostly occurs in schools and is mostly physical and verbal but cyber bullying is fast emerging as the preferred way of bullying. Bullying has two players involved, namely the bully and the victim. The victims of bullying vary depending on the form of bullying. For instance bullying can take place as early as kindergarten this is especially for physical and mostly verbal bullying. At this stage however it is actually rare to have cyber bullying for example. Cyber bullying is mostly common among teenagers, who are the frequent users of technology and more than so the cyberspace. Canadian teacher Bill Belsey is recognized for having coin ed the word cyber bullying. Belsey described cyber bullying as the use of technology for repeatedly communicating harmful and hostile messages to others. In understanding cyber bullying, one must hit that there are various forms of cyber bullying and there are tools that are used to commit cyber bullying.

Improving Correctional Facilities Diversion Programs Assignment

up(p) Correctional Facilities Diversion Programs - Assignment ExampleSome of the significant budget constraints that Correction officials confine to bring out include in the areas of staff remuneration, infrastructural development, and operational costs. The facilities above have an extensive range of wait ons for prisoners such(prenominal) as recovery academies, anger, and career management for women prison and Lois DeBerry providing comprehensive special needs care, and they inquire grand staff. However, due to few resources available, officials in these facilities have had to deal with staff turnover leading to constraining service delivery. As established by Tennessee advisory committee, Sheriffs responding to survey confirmed that most of the Tennessee jails are underfunded (Thurman, Lippard, Gibson & Green, 2007). Additionally, officials have had to defer to budgetary constraints in the infrastructural development. The significant rise of prisoners in the facilities neces sitates that the governments allocate enough money to not still expand and build new facilities just to innovatively redesign the old jails to switch off supervision levels (Moore, n.d). However, though officials have indicated to the governments the need for such adjustments, the rise of criminal incarceration has worsened the crisis further.There are different types of diversions programs, but all are structured to benefit different offenders for they ascribe to different requirements. The verifiable of these diversion programs is to reduce crime by establishing the underlying factors that may have contributed to an individuals criminal conduct (Camilletti, 2010). Therefore, since the objective of these programs is to eliminate the likely factors leading to crime in an individual, they are often better served via community reparation plan rather than criminal justice sanction process. Consequently, such programs are more beneficial to offenders supercharged with misdemeanour s and non-violentfelonies than those charged with felonies and violent crimes. Such is perhaps due to the severity of the offenses committed by felonies and corresponding demand by the public to see swift justice done.

Identifying Long Term Trends SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Identifying Long Term Trends SLP - Essay Examplehave fit funds to fully invest there business in Canada, and as a result the fiscal managers may decide to source some funds from a financial institution. However, these funds will be associated with an interest rate set by the lender. During lump period, the interest rates will tend to be senior towering schooler, this will affect the amount of interest that will accrue to the loan borrowed (Mankiw, 2012). fiscal managers of Fedex corporation should therefore, remember interest applicable before deciding where to source there funds. As an economic variable, the stock grocery affects FedEx great deal, Canadas expansion program. This is because the stock market index based on Canadas stock deputise gives a prediction of the expected future value of stock prices. In case, there is a high value index FedEx connection should continue to carry out its expansion to Canada because the financial managers expect high profits as a result, of rapid economic growth accompanied by low levels of unemployment.Financial managers need to also determine the rate of inflation in Canada before carrying out there investment. If inflation is high it then means that consumers prices will be high, and in turn will affect how they give there money (Mankiw, 2012). If inflation is high FedEx Corporation will fix the prices of there services high, and as a result, consumers will not use the services because they cannot afford it. During inflation, it is extremely difficult for FedEx to determine how more income to generate, this is because it is difficult to determine the demand for there services at the higher prices (Mankiw, 2012). In addition, the financial managers of FedEx Corporation should focus on the trends of the real gross domestic product as it gives a measure of what the parsimoniousness produces goods and services besides giving an accurate measure of changes in the price levels.In addition, the financial managers of FedEx Corporation should take into consideration the

The Credit Crunch Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Credit Crunch - Literature review ExampleDue to its major(ip) significance, the term was included in the latest edition of the Concise Oxford English Dictionary, meaning an economic retard in which it suddenly becomes difficult and expensive to borrow money (Oxford University Press,n.d.). A citation crunch is characterized by a shortage of funds in the credit market, resulting in decreased possibilities for credit agreements and increased levels of ex officio interest rates. Economist John Hull (2009) argues that the origins of the credit crunch (which started in the US) can be lay out in the housing market. The U.S government was keen to encourage home ownership. Interest rates were low. Mortgage brokers and owe lenders found it attractive to do more business by relaxing their lending standards () Banks thought the approximate times would continue and () chose to ignore the housing peach... Simply put, people were spending more money than they really had - an inconsisten cy that grows into what economists call a bubble - the inflation of global property sets. A vicious circuit is formed - prices rise, causing the number of credits to rise as well, which in turn makes prices rise dismantle more. At some point, a large number of credits started to default. Property prices began to drop and so the bubble burst. On a related note, Mizen (2008, p. 564) points out that the most recent credit crunch was preceded by a prosperous period, which generated a certain degree of carelessness throughout the economy. Financial innovation had () introduced greater complexity, higher leverage, and weaker underlying assets based on subprime mortgages. Mizen defines a subprime mortgage as a riskier believe product - a loan given to a person with non-standard income or credit profile, which was often mispriced. They stomach good returns, compared to other asset classes, and therefore receive high ratings. However, they are not as true(p) as they seemed because they are tied to house prices. When prices drop, foreclosures become more frequent. Losses escalated and banks took measures by lowering credit availability. White (2008, p. 2-3) states that Borrowers with inadequate income relative to their debts, many of whom had either counted on being able to borrow against a higher house value in the future in order to help them meet their monthly mortgage payments, or on being able to flip the property at a price that would more than repay their mortgage, began to default. Default rates on nonprime mortgages rose to unexpected highs. The high risk on the mortgages came back to bite mortgage holders, the financial institutions to whom the monthly payments were owed. Financial institutions that had stocked up on toss out mortgages and junk-mortgage-backed securities found their stock prices dropping. The worst cases, like Countrywide Financial, the investment banks Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch, and the government-sponsored mortgage purchasers Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, went broke or had to let out a last-minute purchaser to avoid bankruptcy.

Business Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Business Finance - Essay ExampleUnion (EU) and creation of bodies such as southbound Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SCCRC), North Atlantic Treaty Organizations (NATO) and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) be all examples of such regionalization.Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is likewise one of these government activitys which have been developed to crowd the interests of the whole Southeast Asia. Being a fast growing economic bloc, observers pay a picky attention towards its financial worth now and in future. Here we would focus on financial implications of ASEAN beingness our research question, vis--vis other blocs and in global economy as a whole. Our research method would be primarily comparative and analytical and will be based on available historical data, both in print and electronic media, as primary research does not suit the purpose. We will also deliberate upon the individual contribution of member states wherever seems necessary .ASEAN was founded on August 8, 1967. Initially, it had five member countries videlicet Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines and Singapore. Since then, five more countries have joined ASEAN namely Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Vietnam, Burma and Laos making it a vibrant regional organization with ten members. Together these nations look to strengthen their political, economic, social and cultural ontogenesis.With the passage of time ASEAN has provided even larger platforms for nations of the region to sit together. One of them is ASEAN positivistic three where three economic giants of East Asia i.e. China, South Korea and japan also attend the meetings to further the cause of regional development. Similarly, the creation of East Asian Summit is other step towards such regional dialogue. East Asian Summit includes New Zealand, Australia and India in addition to the ASEAN plus three states making it a meeting point for 16 nation states.5. To mutually work for the development of agricultural, industrial and trade related issues.

Financial Accounting and Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Financial Accounting and Reporting - Essay ExampleThe formation of the wedge was done in cooperation by Unit Trust of India, General Insurance Corporation of India, Life Insurance Corporation of India and overly four different Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) companies of insurance namely The New India Assurance lodge Ltd., United India Insurance Company Ltd., National Insurance Company Ltd. and The Oriental Insurance Company Ltd. (Axis marge, 2007).Presently, the rely occupies the third position among the banks in private sector to have a Pan network in India which includes over 1281 branches and Automated Teller Machine (ATMs) numbering 6270 making the bank to have the biggest system of ATMs in the country (Pandit, 2008 Axis Bank, 2007). In the social class 2007, a decision regarding having its own individuality different from UTI-I as its parent was taken by the bank authority. And this is how the brand name Axis was born. The bank was successfully finish to rebrand itself with its new name as Axis Bank. This had assisted the bank to get rid of the low-key perception as an entity that was government owned (Pandit, 2008).According to Axis Banks Annual Report for the pecuniary socio-economic class 2011, Rs. 3,388.49 crores was reported as its net profit. The earnings as well as the business of the Bank grew sturdily over the previous years. The net profit of the bank also rose by a considerable amount of money of 34.76 percent compared to the previous year. The substantial expansion in the business in all(prenominal) the segments was revealed in the form of vigorous financial indicators. The total income of the bank change magnitude by 26.97 percent and reached to Rs. 19,786.94 crores in the financial year 2010-11 in simile to Rs.15,583.80 crores in the last year. The return from operations in this finish augmented by 25.08 percent to an amount of Rs.11, 195.12 crores whereas the profit in relation to operations rose by 22.42 percent and amounte d to Rs. 6,415.69 crores (Moneycontrol, 2011). The progress in terms of revenue can possibly be credited to the procedure of the central income streams of the bank such as the income from net interest (NII) as well as other incomes and fees. NII augmented by a percent of 31.14 to an amount of Rs. 6,562.99 crores which was more in numbers compared to last year i.e. 2009-10, whereas other income as well as fee rose to Rs. 4,632.13 by 17.39 percent in comparison to the previous year i.e. 2009-2010. The increase in NII by such a considerable percent of 31.14 was an issue of the vigorous progress in the low-cost deposits of Current Account and Savings Bank (CASA) and also in assets on a regular average basis. All through the period, the entire earning assets amplified by 34.70 percent to an amount of Rs. 179,573 crores on a regular average basis and which had augmented in comparison to last year i.e. 2009-10. A progress of 32.81 percent was also observed in relation to the low-cost dep osits in CASA which had increased from the previous year i.e. 2009-10 on a regular standard basis and which even assisted the bank to hold on to the funding prices (Moneycontrol, 2011). Additional income including fees, miscellaneous income and trading profit even augmented to 4,632.13 crores by a percent of 17.39 compared to the previous y

The Strategic Audit of Nokia Corporation through the Use of Frameworks Essay - 8

The Strategic Audit of Nokia Corporation through and through the Use of Frameworks such as Porters Five Forces Model, Porters generic Strategies, and Resource-Based View Approach - Essay ExampleIn this study, it can be understood that strategic analysis falls under strategic management which is an authoritative give for Nokia to sustain in the prevailing market. Moreover, through the use of secondary sources, the beau mondes boilersuit performance in the year 2013 has been revealed that provides an understanding that Nokias performance in the market for the past fewer years has been declining. Thus, the company must effectively use its resources in order to improve its performance and corroborate the competitive advantage in the global market. Nokia was founded in the year 1865 by Fredrik Idestam and is headquartered in Espoo, Finland. It is a multi-national company which is specialized in producing mobile phones that provides telecommunication services to its customers. In the y ear 2013 Nokia had employed more than 87,771 employees across 120 nations and the company has been selling its product to 150 nations. Moreover, it was witnessed that Nokia earned revenue of 30 billion euros in the year 2013 and the company is a public limited-liability company it is listed in the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and capital of Finland Stock Exchange (HSE). However, presently the companys market share has been declining due to the tough opposition faced by Samsung and Apple. Besides, lack of innovation in the recent time has been identified as a major reason behind the companys losing market share worldwide. Correspondingly, the study is primarily cerebrate towards strategic analysis of Nokia Corporation through frameworks such as Porters Five Forces, Porters Generic Strategies and Wernerfelts Resource-Based View framework. Moreover, the study focuses to provide the recommendation to Nokia Corporation through the strategic analysis so that it can regain its suprema cy in the global industrial context. Strategic management is a arrogant process that involves the combination of actions such as strategic analysis, preparation of strategies along with its implementation.Strategic analysis is an integral part of strategic management that involves examining the organization in relation to the organizational structure and culture, strengths as well as weaknesses, product, people along with services.

A Hospital Room Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Hospital Room - Essay Example in that location was also a big photo of Mother Teresa placed on a shelf. The two sceneries, as mentioned before, were giving a pleasing look. In the first scenery, there was a big blue sea and birds were shown as flying in the air. There were also two hands seemed like praying for the health of people. In the second scenery, an array of colors was shown which was also adding to the overall pleasing environment of the hospital room. As farther as the internal climate of the hospital room is concerned, I would say that it was normal and a chomp inclined towards frigidness temperature. There were early summers those days so the temperature was kept a bit cold to make patients feel good. Overall, the environment of the hospital room and the services that were submitd to me asthe patient reflected the sense of a healing environment. In a hospital room with healing environment, the focus is not just to provide good treatment to patients, but also to pr ovidethe healing and memorable experience to them. The behavior of the care for staff and that of the doctor was extremely good. There was also the facility of the hearing light music in the room utilise the hands-free device. There were also two comfortable chairs placed near each of the tierce beds for visitors and caretakers. Another attractive feature of the room was that it accompanied tether small bathrooms each for each of the three patients admitted in the room. The bed in my room had side rails that could be raised and lowered using a remote control.

Toxic Recycling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Toxic Recycling - Essay ExampleAs new electronic products argon introduced into the market older products are discarded by consumers resulting in increased electronic waste each year. With this increase in waste each year the recycle industry is expected to grow and the word highlights this growth by stating that in 2004 the recycle firms made everywhere 10 million and employed over 1,000 inmates.Recycling, however, should be undertaken under proper conditions to avoid the release of heavy metals as dust into the environment, the article highlights that the recycling process undertaken by UNICOR using inmates as labour is undertaken under unhealthy conditions, inmates do not enforce equipment that is in line with OSHA standards, also they eat lunch in areas contaminated with heavy metals. The recycling firms, therefore, do not take into consideration the health of inmates and prison officers.With the recycling industry growing fast laws and regulations should be put in place in or der to protect the environment and individuals who work in these recycling firms, the environmental agencies and occupational safety and health administration should inspect the recycling firms regularly to ensure that they obey set standards and those that violate these standards should pay heavy fines.The article from warfare to welfare by William Hartung and Jennifer Washburn discusses Lockheed Martin a follow that is the largest weapon manufacturer, according to the article the company strategy by 2000 is to privatize social welfare by forming divisions in the company that will undertake welfare programs in the US, these programs include the distribution of food stamps and specie assistance.It is evident that in the year 2000 the companys stock prices were declining and the company was in a fiscal crisis given that it had requested the Pentagon to offer an $855 million loan to pay for mergers.

Week 5 - Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 5 - Journal - Assignment Exampleis a portrayal of the failure of the national government since it shows failure in formulating appropriate laws and creation of appropriate agencies to curtailing the trouble that threatens the social order in the country.Among the laws that govern immigration in the country are Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) and the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986 (United States, 1978). The two put up provided an effective system for legal immigrants but have failed in protecting the country against the line of work of illicit immigrant. So far, the government has adopted the open but closed border policy in the charge of the Mexico-US border. I believe the policy has the ability to enable cross border trade while containing the emanation illegal immigrants menace. Prior to this weeks reading, I believed that the government was losing the fight against illegal immigrants. However, after studying some of the policies including the ope n but closed border policy, I now believe that while the problem is serious, the American government in collaboration with the neighboring governments is striving to seal off the borders thereby curtailing the problem (Krikorian, 2010).United States. (1978).Illegal immigration and U.S.-Mexican border control Analysis andrecommendations Critique of administration adjustment of lieu proposals.Washington U.S. Govt. Print.

Ethnic group (Chinese) in the uk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethnic group (Chinese) in the uk - Essay ExampleIn fact the King of England was so amazed by this man that he commissioned a portrait of him and hung it in his own bed.1 Later, because of British colonial possession in eastern Asia, the British had much contact with China. Because of these contacts trade increased and with it an exchange of creations. There were only a hardly a(prenominal) Chinese living in Britain up until the Second World War following that there was a large influx of people from around Hong Kong, many of whom were agri heathen workers looking to make a breach life for themselves and their families. They earnestly believed that a better life lay in Britain. Nowadays, as China becomes richer and more powerful, Chinese parents want to send their children to schools in Britain. Britain is very famous around the world for the quality of its education, some(prenominal) high schools and some of its world-class universities. Consequently, there has been an increase in enrolment among Chinese students. Whether these individuals remain in Britain following their graduation and become a part of British society remains to be seen, just now there is a good chance that if they get married in Britain they may well wait there and be part of a new wave of emigration from China to Britain.The Chinese in Britain halt usually been there for a long time. They can be distinguished from the larger population of British Indians who live in particular communities in large families and maintain many of their own traditions. It could be said that the Chinese are better at integrating. They live all over the place and non necessarily in their own special communities. They are also very high achieving in education, in particular in the second and third generations who are very ambitious to make a difference. Chinese have the highest rate of intermarriage with other races of any minority population in the United Kingdom. When comparing their cultural output to that of the Indians, it is evidently

Errors to Avoid In a Business Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Errors to Avoid In a Business Letter - study ExampleThe first error to avoid in a business letter is the office of the orthogonal material in the papers. People tend to incorporate a series of irrelevant actors line in an attempt to please the reader. The use of an irrelevant material is a serious error that makes the written document long, boring and of poor quality. The writer whitethorn use long descriptions in order to portray their cognition in the field. As a result, the reader may fail to comprehend the core purpose of the letter. The use of technical jargon and complex words in a business document frustrates the reader and thence contributes to miscommunication.In business writing, a skilled writer is expected to produce documents with excellent word choice. A writer may say, The employees are very concerned with how the layoffs allow affect their lives. This sentence is improper because it uses confusable words to express the employees reaction to layoffs. In the sta ted example, the writer is expected to say Employees fear that the layoff will affect their morale. The ideal way to avoid using irrelevant material involves selectively choosing appropriate words that best communicate the intended message. Ambiguous phrases such as It is advisable should not be include in business letters. Writers should focus on clear, concise statements that communicate the intended message.Grammatical errors are insufferable in business writing. These errors may be in the form of improper use of verb forms, transitions, and articles. Writers may besides incorporate unclear pronoun references, or they may incorrectly use subject/object pronouns. Grammatical errors may be perceived negatively by the reader. The reader may perceive the writer as inattentive or may fail to acknowledge the seriousness of the written information. Transition errors for example The press dispense with was long although the public needed the information.

Water Report on Jakarta Essay Example for Free

Water Report on capital of Ind whizsia EssayI am writing to you regarding wet supplies for the residents in capital of Indonesia. There be slightages of clean pee around the ara and residents have to walk miles away to get water for their subscriber linees and family. hitherto the local raft want something closer so they dont have to travel that extra mile. There are two options in which we can help there people in JakartaOption one is having a international water company. ( globose Water Company is when you have a contract and you pay for the criterion of water you use. )Option two is having water co-operative. (Water co-operative is when the members are the possessers and they have the have a voice in the control of the organization, and the majority of the rules.)Having visited Jakarta I outline the bring ins and drawbacks for residents and businesses.A mother, Andina Hamid has to travel miles for clean water for food, bathing, modify and so on.An ice-cream traf ficker, Ali Firhand necessarily water for his businesses for making the ice-cream and also needs water for his family. One time Ali was uneffective to get hold of clean water and so he had no chose but to make his ice-cream with to water otherwise he would loose his businesses, however the next day all his costumers had complaints about stomach problems collectable to unclean water.Wisnu Wijaya is a food and drinks seller and she also needs clean water for her food and for hygiene. She needs clean water to make her food and drinks. all the same if she doesnt have clean water so she would loose her costumers and loose her business. Finally a business man, Reynard Hanoppo who runs a furniture shop, has much than enough water. He has running taps at home and he has a swimming pool and was never short of water. The advantages and drawbacks for option one, the Global Water Company for the people above areAndina Hamid who is mother would benefit from the Global Water Company because it would provide Andina and her family with fresh clean water and would improve health and hygiene conditions. withal she would suffer when her contract with the company expires and she wouldnt have anything to turn on to.Ali Firhand, an ice-cream seller would induce from the Global Water Company because it can work with local residents to improve health conditions and would provide him with clean water. However the same goes for him when the water companys contract expires there whitethorn be problems to face with retentivity the water system going.Wisnu Wijaya, a food and drinks seller would benefit from the company because she would only pay for the heart and soul of water she uses and it would be safe as she knows it is clean. However it is a disadvantage as well because unavowed water companies could take on the costs of laying the pipes and connecting to the homes to it main pipes and this may increase the cost. Reynard Hanoppo, a business man would benefit from the Globa l water company because the more water he uses the cheaper I would be, so piped water would be particularly good news for people who have a lot of water. However the same goes for him when the water companys contract expires. The advantages and drawbacks for option two, the Water Co-operative for the residents in Jakarta areAndina Hamid who is mother would benefit from the Water Co-operative because it would the people in Jakarta may get along split if they work together as part of a co-operative. However the commercial taps would be more expressive because you would have to dig massive holes in the ground for the pipes to carry the water to the homes.Ali Firhand, an ice-cream seller would gain from the Water Co-operative because it would be easier to look after and it would be good for the future. Though Ali may have to grind the water to kill the germs and bacteria so he could use the water for his ice-cream. Wisnu Wijaya, a food and drinks seller would benefit from the Water Co -operative because it would last longer and it is stronger. She also knows she will never get let passel by the Water Co-operative than she might do with the Global Water company if her contract expires with them. However she may have to pay more for the water if she wants taps and so on.Reynard Hanoppo, a business man would benefit from the Water Co-operative because there would be water there for him 24 hours a day, through some of his water may be unclean and could get ill from it. Keeping the things above in mind my innuendo are on the Global Water Company would be beneficial in the interest of Jakarta people. As a weakness of water cooperation could be that the mass of members may lose interest in running the organization and let a small group take it over and manage it for their own benefit. Also with the Global Water Company you would have no worries as there would invariably be 100% of clean water unlike the co-operative. The only drawback being is the renewal of the cont ract, however there is always going to be a demand of water.

Drug Addiction and Time Essay Example for Free

Drug Addiction and Time EssayI believe that I am an addict, I made a lot of bad ratiocinations in my life. But the worst was my decision to start using drugs. From the day that I started using to now I have loved it. And at times I would do dependable about anything to get it, I have done just about everything except sell my body. I stole from the people I love to get what I needed. Using drugs went from only on the weekends, to a couple times a week, to everyday. The worst part is, is I didnt see that it was consuming so much of my life.There came a point where just smoke weed wasnt enough anymore, and thats when i should have walked away. I was 16 when I did heroin the first time. But it wasnt until a year later when I started shooting up. My outdo adept and I did everything together and this was no different. We were hooked, she more than I, our lives revolved around getting high. I remember the geezerhood we couldnt get it, she would shake and cry because her body ach ed for it so bad. I hated seeing her sick, every last(predicate) I could do nothing to help her.It was the worst thing that I have ever seen. When I could I would get her what she needed. We spent our summer days inside. Most of the time we were so high that we couldnt move, but to us that was the best part of the day. At that moment we could finally just close our eyeball and breathe. Looking back now the worst part for me is that I helped my best friend kill herself. I provided her with the drug that was sucking her dry. At that point in time I thought I was constituent her.We have always depended on apiece other but this time we depended on something else. We twain atomic number 18 not using heroin anymore, and have come out on the other side of that addiction. We both know that if it were placed in front of us we could not say no. Addiction has interpreted a lot from me. I have lost the trust of my Parents and my freedom I ounce had. My best friend and I can not hangout ou tside of school, were just not good for each other to be around. But most of all I lost respect for myself.

Student achievement gap Essay Example for Free

pupil attainment spread EssayIntroduction A study achievement opening move is considered to be the spy partiality and bias of educational measures between the working effectiveness of group of students (Lee, 2002). This group is described and place on basis of gender, race, competency level and financial status. The race breakage in educational exercise is an old issue. Several children are most likely to drop out of teach. They are with or without school day diplomas, cannot read or write or do simple math (Lee, 2002).The proof and selective information for the gap has been recorded which include drop out rates, number of students who bring in taken advanceder placement examination, make pass students and are admitted to full(prenominal)-status secondary schools, colleges and another(prenominal) professional programs. This paper concentrates on the general question and then separately on the statistical gap in standardized test scores. The aim of this paper is to analyze and judge the differences between the two groups. Achievement Gap Literature Review.In accordance to National Assessment of educational Progress report, more than thirty percent of Asiatic-American students performed at expert level whereas only ten percent of African-Americans did so in fourth grade reading exam. Disparities subsist in the students module-taking blueprint as well (Jansen Bruinsma, 2005). look forers believe that disparities in achievement occur because of socioeconomic factors. In accordance to data of U. S Census Bureau, twenty seven percent of black children are living in leanness as compared to twelve percent of Asian-American children.Studies have also suggested that dropout rates are higher for children who do not have any access to proper housing and finance facilities and benefits. Another study indicates the boundaries and restrictions of economic and affectionate mobility in African Americans and argues that their drop out rate is highe r in schools in New York City. However, Asian Americans make up large portion of all the citys elite magnet schools because they have good family background (Jansen Bruinsma, 2005). Case StudyThe case study selected to analyze the academic achievement gap study conducted in Cherry creek School District in Colorado at high school level. The findings indicated that Asian American students performed at better levels than black students. The case study of Cherry Creek School District School lays out the causes for achievement gap. According to the research, they can be classified in to two main groups. They are the factors which are associated with financial status, societal ambience in which they live and their family background. The other factors are associated to students schools.Financial status is the main reason which shows low student achievement. Research shows has compared the living conditions of African Americans and Asian Americans and have reached to the conclusion that b lack students are living in slimy conditions and they lack facilities. It also demonstrated that African Americans come from unstable family background which hinders in their learning growth (Lee, 2002). Asian-Americans live in better conditions and come from stable family structure which allows them to perform better at school as compared to African-Americans.Achievement gap studied at Cherry Creek School District in math indicates that the gap exists because of lack of parent involvement. Educators have shown that parental involvement and cultural values coquette an essential role in school achievement among children of Asian Americans. Other factors which influence achievement gap are cultural attitudes and racism. A total of 72 blacks and 72 Asian Americans were interviewed. The number of low achieving students was higher in blacks as compared to Asian Americans.In the same school, Facts and figures collected suggested that about sixty percent of whites, Asians and blacks wer e high school students who were registered in an Algebra 1 course. However, the pattern changed for higher level math courses (Lee, 2002). Records indicated that sixty percent of Asian-Americans took Algebra 2 whereas only fifty five percent of black students were enrolled in it. The report showed that black students are derriere their Asian-American counterparts on general knowledge and math skills.It showed that high percentage of Asian American students scored at proficient level while black students performed poorly in their math test. Conclusion This study demonstrates that Asian-American parents talk extensively to their children on the importance of customs, values and how to work in society. Whereas African American parents are not gnarly in their children school life. By comparing the two groups in the lights of economic and school contexts, it can be concluded that the gap between the black and Asian American students is wide because of socioeconomic backgrounds, family backgrounds and school contexts.This shows that elaboration plays an essential role in school achievement and demonstrates that culture interconnects with class, race and schools.References Lee, J. (2002). Racial and ethnic achievement gap trends Reversing the progress toward equity? EDUCATIONAL RESEARCHER, 31(1)3-12. Jansen, E. P. and Bruinsma, M. (2005). Explaining achievement in higher education. Educational Research and Evaluation, 11(3)235-252.

Digital Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

Digital Bangladesh EssayBangladesh is resounding with the target of achieving digital Bangladesh. Broadly speaking, a digital troupe ensures an Information and communication Technology (ICT) driven knowledge-based where information will be readily available on line and where all(prenominal) possible tasks of the government, semi-government and also private spheres will be processed using the ripe technology. So, a digital Bangladesh must guarantee efficient and effective use of modern ICT in all spheres of the society with a view to establishing dear(p) governance.In other word, making Bangladesh a digital one, we live with to establish technology driven e-governance, e-commerce, e-production, e-agriculture, e-health etc. , in the society emphasizing the overall development of the popular people. Building strong ICT infrastructure is the pre-requisite for making Bangladesh a digital one. For this, we need to focus on the by-line relevant issues assessing the harsh reality that hinders our development in this context. Latest statistics reveal that Bangladesh faces a power dearth of up to 200 MW against a demand of 5000 MW daily.It may be noted that for proper ICT development an continual power supply is a must. For the ICT development Internet users of the country must be increased. In this grounds our position is the worst one among the South Asian countries. From different sources, it has been learnt that, English language literacy rate in Bangladesh is lesser than one percent. Whereas, English language literacy rates in India and Pakistan are 60% and 20% respectively. on that point is a strong correlation between English literacy and ICT development in the present context of Globalization.In the arena of ICT English has become the Lingua-Franca. Though the preceding(prenominal) accounts seem to be frustrating one, these can be easily overcome within a reasonable span of time if we can establish good governance in the country. For making a dig ital Bangladesh by 2021, the government must address the above stated issues effectively and efficiently in transparent manners. In many cases we need to reformulate our theme policy (e. g. education policy, ICT policy) in accordance with the Millennium Development Goals. It the leaders of our country objectively go across this generation, they can do wonder for the nation.

American Indians and Free

Ameri brush aside Indians and Freedom EssayAmerican Indians have striven for freedom ceaselessly since the colonization in 1800s. But for unlike American Indians, the definitions of freedom vary a lot. For the chief Seattle, the generator of legitimate school text OF CHIEF SEATTLES TREATY ORATION 1854, the freedom means the right hands to live with the nature harmoniously and to keep their righteousness and traditions. For Carlos Montezuma, the generator of Let My People Go, the definition of freedom is very absolute and stems from policy-making rights. His freedom means the rights of managing the stuffs of American Indians exclusively without the control of ashen man. From my point of view, the definition of freedom to American Indians is much close to its political definition because the rights of protecting the holy nature pass on non be given if they lose the political rights. But I argue that the real freedom does non mean the absolute free. Moreover, the chief Seattle and Carlos Montezuma dissent in the issue about whether American Indians should meet the focussing of colonists. For the chief Seattle, he thinks him and his people can accept the management of colonists on the condition that the colonists will not destroy their holy nature.For Carlos Montezuma, he asks the colonists not to interfere the issue of American Indians because the corrupt management of the colonists. I think that American Indians can accept the management of the colonists if they can proclaim enough political rights. The best way is to contend for a republic musical arrangement and government for American Indians rather than just asking for leaving the control of the colonists. It is obvious that the ii writers own quite different understandings when they face with the same wordfreedom, as I mentioned at the beginning.The writer of AUTHENTIC TEXT OF CHIEF SEATTLES TREATY ORATION 1854 shows deep love to his ancestors and the things his ancestors leave for the m. He uses quasi-religious to describe its ancestors and hallowed ground, verdant valleys, murmuring rivers and so on to describe his living environment. Also, the writer thinks that their religion is the Great Spirit and gives them in solemn hours of the night. Yet, in the perspectives of these American Indians, the colonists refuse to accept and heed the holy nature and ancestors of Africa Americans.The writer writes, Your God is not our God Your God loves your people and hates mine The retell indicates that American Indians in Seattle fear deeply that the colonial rule will ruin their living environment, religion and traditions. Hence, for the writer, their freedom means the respect of their ending. Nevertheless, Carlos Montezuma, the writer of Let My People Go, asks for totally different freedom. He writes, The Indian Bureau is the only obstacle that stands in the way that hinders our peoples freedom. , when the Indians will requirement the most help in this world , the Indian.Bureau will cease to exist and the Indian employees in the Indian Service their personality is destroyedthey have nothing to say. These inverted comma express the strong involuntary of American Indians to escape from the control of exsanguine Americans because of the corruption of Indian Bureau. So, the definition of freedom to Carlos Montezuma is the rights to express their own willing and achieve more political rights. I quite agree with Carlos Montezuma because he wants to ask for more political rights.Even if the Big Chief at Washington promised that the new colonists will respect the culture of the American Indians in Seattle, he can easily renege on the promise without the political rights or the protection of the law. On the other hand, the chief Seattle and Carlos Montezuma own different attitudes towards the issue about the management of white American. Carlos Montezuma hastily wants to abolish the Indian Bureau system rather than improve the system. Carlos Montez uma writes, The Indian Bureau system is wrong. The only way to adjust wrong is to abolish it, and the only reform is to let my people go. The quote expresses the urgent willing of Carlos Montezuma to stop the run of the wrong system. He owns the opinion to escape the control of White Americans. However, I think that American Indians can accept the management of colonists only if the colonists launch laws to protect the American Indians and give them enough political rights. The opinion of stopping the run of the system is too arbitrary and naive. It is super possible that a ruder way to manage the American Indians cookd after the abolition of the old system.Carlos Montezuma cannot accept the management of White Americans at all. But the chief Seattles requirements related to the acceptance of the White Americans management possibly is without much consideration. The chief Seattle writes, But should we accept it, I here and now make this condition that we will not be denied the pr ivilege without molestation of visiting at any time the tombs of our ancestors, friends, and children. The quote has insinuation that the chief Seattle will accept the colonial rule on the condition that the colonists will not infract their ancestors, friends and children. And in the same paragraph, the writer emphasizes the importance to protect their holly hillsides, valleys, plains and so on again.I argue that his thoughts and requirements be too premature and primitive. These are the basic rights for human beings. Even these rights are promised to give these American Indiana, they are still far away from freedom, as I regard it. Therefore, the real freedom cannot be achieved every by abolishing a wrong system and totally losing control or by asking for so limited rights and show mixed bagness or obedience to the colonists. Of course, freedom definitely is not what the Chief Seattle thinks.He views freedom as the rights on the foundation of compromise and only asks for poor limited rights. Besides, for me, freedom to a fault is not absolute like Carlos Montezuma thinks. It does not mean you can do what you want without others management and totally losing control. Freedom means you can own all the proper political rights under the protection of an ingenuous system or laws. The most significant issue for the real freedom is to create a right system or laws to protect the rights legally for these American Indians. No matter the chief Seattle or Carlos Montezuma, they both(prenominal) lack in the consciousness to create a right system or laws to protect themselves.If this kind of thing can be done, the existence of India Bureau or the colonial rule of White Americans does not matter to them at all. For this reason, it is so vital for American Indians and also other races to force the society to create a more and more impartial system ceaselessly. Works Cited Carlos Montezuma, Let My People Go An portion out delivered at the conference of the Society o f American Indians in Lawrence, Kansas, N. p n. p ,1915 Dr. Henry A. Smith, AUTHENTIC TEXT OF CHIEF SEATTLES TREATY ORATION 1854, N. p n. p ,1887.

My Summer Vacation Essay Example for Free

My Summer Vacation EssayThe dream summer vacation of either person only comes once in a lifetime. In the summer of 2014 i had just entire my first year of college and my parents wanted to take me some where Ill always remember for my profound work. I had no clue of what their intentions were or what to even expect from them. My parents had invited just about whole of our closes relatives and family friends to come on and celebrate the occasion with us. Majority of those that came brought gifts and money to encourage me to do well. Of course this made me the most stimulate person in the world, because I not only had family and friends over to celebrate but they also pass the night over for the trip my parents had put together to take us on.The following morning my produce woke everyone up at 2oclock in the morning to get situated and hit the road for the airport by 3oclock. How ironic they had everything planned out from the bathroom time to the seating in the vehicles. Bu t yet all(prenominal) and every time I pampered the question in their heads as to where we were going they never answered me. Anxious to pick out I was, so i began thinking of all the possibilities of the places theyd consider going. I began to get drowsy from how earliest I woke up and all the curiosity running through my veins.After getting to the airport at 4oclock our flight finally left at 645am and we arrived at our destination into Fort Lauderdale, Florida. We collected our bags and was on our journey once again this time it had felt as if we had been driving forever. I had woken up to screams and cheering from almost everyone around me, yet I still had no clue as to what was going on. As my dad was trying to find a parking spot I started to look out the windowpane in search of any clues that could help me figure out where exactly we were. Once we pasted the bewitch my eyes blew up when I saw the words Carnival Cruise Lines.After seeing all the commercials with all the fe stivities that occur, all the famous people that appear in person, the amazing games and family activities, the theatre and food that was on board, this was indeed the place I would give the world to go to. When asked by my parents how I liked my gift, I became lost for words and could only smile for how happy and filed with joy I was.

African Americans in Pop Culture Essay Example for Free

African Americans in Pop Culture EssayAfrican Americans have had an incredible dour impression on eruptular culture. African American singers, artists, entrepreneurs, athletes and actors have every(prenominal) had their say and have genuinely stood out within the past few years. Theyve alike grown and not grown in diametrical ways all around from music, to television, to movies. African American stereotypes still exist in all aspects of pop culture, while many are trying to get away from what audiences assume is the characteristic black person.African Americans have been fighting for and against their own stereotypes when they started breaking out into music, then branching out into television, and making it larger-than-life in the film industry. Theyve gone from being the dumb, uneducated, and underprivileged minority of America, and have started to make themselves more cognise as gang bangers and thugs, which are often seen as heroes in popular culture. African Ameri cans havent only do a name for themselves or left a footprint in only their culture, but in American culture all around.African Americans have been making their mark in music all throughout history. Many started with the jazz and bebop rebellion during the 1940s and 50s in Detroit. They made their point by trying to be different. They didnt want to follow the typical white, swing music criteria, and thats exactly what happened. Bebop wasnt so mainstream, and thats what made it their own. They preferred small, unique combos to play instead of big named stars in the music industry. Detroit was shedding clean on the working class people of the town and wanted to really make a conk out for them.The 1940s created an afro-modernism, a response to the urbanization, industrialization, and modernization of African American Culture. Because of their impulsion ahead in music, they also made their movement in business. And so emerged an incredibly successful, black capitalist enterp machin ate, Motown Records, founded by Barry Gordy. A wide with the movement in Detroit, the Harlem Renaissance had happened even before all the rage for jazz and bebop, which raised awareness to the optical arts, which led to even more developments in music.And even earlier at the beginning of the 20th century, blacks were starting to be accepted into acclaimed schools to study music and they were allowed to join the base of white people in melody orchestras. During the 50s, doo-wop and soul music became popular. Thats when legends like Ray Charles emerged and paved the way for others. Soul music remained popular among blacks for long after the pop sounds started to wave through.By the end of the decade and moving into the 70s, blacks were starting to crossover into the typical white music trends. Psychadelic music had become popular. Jimi Hendrix, along his wah-wah pedal innovation, became one of the most popular guitarists during the era. pay off after that, soul had become the popul ar music in the black community and was starting to pep up African-American music. Soul had continued success in popularity during the 70s, but the 70s also brought along a rise in black bands.White people were listening to country, disco, and all sorts of rock music, while the African-Americans had their funk, pop, soul, and jazz music that was on a totally different spectrum from their white counterparts. The 70s was also when Djs started mixing their own beats and play their funk records the way they wanted to so they could get their audience to dance. And with the beats produced by Djs along with the poets who would choose their poems to those beats, came the emergence of hip hop music. The era of hip hop music was a new vicissitude in African American popular culture.

Foundations of Western Civilization Essay Example for Free

Foundations of Western Civilization look forEssay 1 Pope Urban II launched the First Crusade when the Byzantine emperor Alexios I asked for help to fight against the Muslims. In 1095, Pope Urban II made a vernacular at the council of Clermont to persuade the people and nobility who attended the council to rent war for their Holy Land against the Seljuk Turks. His speech was considered as one of the most effective speeches given in European history. Because of this speech, he was adequate to(p) to cook up their fight against the Muslims by telling them that they have to fight together because it is the will of God. In turn, the Crusaders were Christians formed to wage fights against Muslims, pagans and other political enemies of the popes. The First Crusades major purpose was to reclaim Jerusalem from Muslims. major motivations for any Crusader at that time were the promise of deliverance from their sins, exemption from tax and protection from the church. other motivation w as that if any Crusader died, they will certainly go to heaven. The First Crusades was successful in acquiring back their Holy Land.Four new kingdoms were established and the First Crusades were followed with more conquests to gain territories against their enemies. The First Crusades was able to help the pope expand his power and authority of the church among the people of those times. Essay 2 (Aztec, Egyptian and Mayan Civilization) One common thing about these three civilizations is that they have many an(prenominal) gods that people worship. Religion in these civilizations influenced political life because leaders associated them closely with their gods.In the Egyptian civilization, some pharaohs considered themselves as son of the sun god while some leaders in the mentioned civilizations considered themselves as reincarnations of their gods. Rulers during this time were also the high priests themselves and led many religious ceremonies. Religion greatly influenced political co nquests in these ancient civilizations because captives from foreign conquests were mainly use as human sacrifices for religious rituals and ceremonies.In Mayan and Aztec civilizations, a number of their religious rituals included human sacrifices to their major gods. These rituals were used to send messages across their enemies how powerful they are.ReferencesThe First Crusades, http//www. historylearningsite. co. uk/cru2. htm. , 2002-2008 Aztec Civilization. http//encarta. msn. com/ Egyptian Civilization. http//encarta. msn. com/ Mayan Civilization. http//encarta. msn. com/

Bizumic’s work Essay Example for Free

Bizumics act EssayMladen Bizumic was born in Yugoslavia and is considered as a promising multi-disciplinary integrate media artist. Receiving art education from the University of Auckland, he has had a number of successful exhibits in Australia, the most recent of which with the carry through Crockford Gallery in Auckland (Mladen Bizumic, 2009). In his 2007 exhibit in the Physics Room Gallery, Bizumic presents cinematic hybrids from the Jean-Luc Godards 1967 bring Weekened in conjunction with The Rolling Stones song Under My Thumb.The juxtaposition of the two works provided insights on the conceptuality of progressive society and how the changing social standards do-nothing impact the relationship of an individual with tohers and the space of their scope or existence. In the his show for the Sue Crockfrod Gallery, Bizumics work shows greater incorporation of space which can be challenging viewers to experience the artists work as an element of the express space.However, this is not to imply that the artist has limited traditional visual or aesthetic appeal, in event the Bizumics work can be an effective transition towards more modern art styles. His work are studies in the relationships of subjectivity and representation, physical locations and psychological states, notions of memory and the experience of displacement (Mladen Bizumic, 2007, para 1). in that location is a identification of the power of media and technology in Bizumics work and how it has become as a medium of expression.Viewing Bizumics work, viewers are being engaged and are challenged to make realization about regarding unconscious elements of human production and imagination. More than anything else, what is most appealing as well as promising about Bizumics work is that though it is distinctly forward, it does not rely on appall and awe to establish it modernistic identity but really positive represents a good fount of what the new crop of artists has to offer.References Ml aden Bizumic (2007). Gallery Exhibits 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2010 from http//www. physicsroom. org. nz/gallery/2007/bizumic/ Mladen Bizumic (2009). Artnews. Org. Retrieved January 15, 2010 from http//artnews. org/artist. php? i=4668 Mladen Bizumic (2009). Sue Crockford Gallery. Retrieved January 15, 2010 from http//www. suecrockford. com/artists/biography. asp? aid=29

A Study of Trends in Indian Partition Literature Essay Example for Free

A Study of Trends in Indian naval division Literature EssayThe district of India was the geographical division of colonial India into deuce bordering nation states of India and Pakistan based on religious demographics.1 It was proposed as an offensive that necessary accompani manpowert to the Independence of India from the British Empire. However, it was non provided a diplomatic and administrative representative still rather had a long-lasting mental impact on the human race of these aras. Though Bapu2 was firmly against this idea, it was reluctantly accepted by Nehru and Jinnah as the only solution to the growing communal divide between the Muslim and Hindu communities. 3 However, what the political class had neer predicted was the unprecedented descend of bloodshed, violence and widespread civil unrest that followed in its wake. Even years by and by this proceeds, the perpetrators and the dupes are stable baff guide as to the cause of this madness4 that grippe d civilized society. In the subsequentlymath, historians pretended to ignore it terming it piteous besides somewhat inevitable while literature tried to pay cover charge to terms with its bestiality and future day entailments. The authorial response of the first generation was severely limited however cod to a take aim of emotional attachment and involvement in the subject matter.They lacked perspective and varied in two ship endureal either they were very brief and lacked empathy or tended to be voyeuristic in nature. The official responses attempted to historicise class through statistics, facts and figures while literature, to the contrary attempted to give voice to subaltern perspectives personalising victim narratives. Despite much(prenominal) a movement, it was non until the 70s that it was realised that hardly each attention was paid to the experiences of women during Partition. at that place was a deep reluctance to address the gender atrocities committed duri ng Partition and it manifested itself through the invisibilisation of women voices. Although it had been clear from the lucre that the worst sufferers of Partition violence had been women5, a stoic silence upon the tragic reality had been maintained. humansy of these women had led forgotten run shorts and their trauma suppressed in an attempt to forget the onslaught upon their bodies and minds. on that pointfore, renewed efforts began to document and deliver the forgotten stories of such women. solely it was a complex problem in some(prenominal) right smarts. Partition had had a multifaceted impact on the women of India and Pakistan that non only defined their coming lives but also squeeze the future generations as psycho-somatic memories and construction of familial structures post-Partition.6 Literature as wellk the initiative of this task there were two study strains of women oriented Partition narratives that emerged in the period thus. One school of thought dealt with Partition as a backdrop to the gravidr narrative.In such stories, the lives of the main characters were highlighted and their lives were allegorised to represent the trauma of the nation itself. The stories of their cosmos were represented dually as human beings involved in personal dramas and as social creatures part of a larger mainframe. Their places within the higher superstructure and as creatures dominated by the larger contexts were analysed by writers. A blow out of the water example of this was The Clear Light Of Day by Anita Desai which neer referred to Partition in specific misfortunes but rather subtle, broken reflections into the people whose day-to-day lives were affected by the growing communal tension and ever-changing socio-political equations.It refers to the ties of family, friendship, kinship and love that were abruptly ruptured by the literal division of the nation. There were novels such as Ice-Candy Man by Bapsi Sidhwa that get a lines at Partition from the outside. The narrator Lenny is imbued with unique qualities that were highly unconventional for the times. She was a child, and so she had a limited worldview, a Parsee, consequently not religiously biased and neither a participant, physically disabled, therefore able to sympathise with the suffering of separates and, a girl therefore her narration is unapologetically gender- informed. What she learns, is all by association.The story is a sharp attack on official discourses that denied the suffering of millions of people. Lennys story is not only her witness but a mirroring of girl-children everywhere that were faced with questions with personal identity, innerity, community and nation as a whole and how they shaped individual lives. A child is brutally h wizst and spares nobody and no liaison. She has no built-in prejudices so she can speak for those who cannot speak for themselves. As a result of such experimental tales, women felt ready to finally speak up. But, their attempts were met with more(prenominal) resistance than expected.They were themselves reluctant to speak about they went through it was similarly painful but combined with societal pressures, their mouths had been almost sealed shut from apprehension. For daring to break this surd taboo, some of them faced severe consequences and were scour disowned by their own families for besmirching the family name. But such actions often took a huge toll on their mental and physical health and though they had survived, they hadnt healed. As a result of mass migration, women were abruptly uprooted from their nationals to move to a strange and unfamiliar place.They had to build their lives and homes anew, sometimes with no support system. Many of these women were so bereaved at losing their home and kindlingh, that they could never recoer from this sense of loss. Women in customs dutyal society had since ancient days been tasked with looking after the home. Since they were not allowed to venture outside their domain7, the home had been almost personified for them. It was a living breathing space. The only place which they could rightfully stake claim to and which was a source of comfort and solace for them. They were so tangibly attached to their land that family was synonymous with home and her identity came to be defined by her place in the home. Hence when labored to migrate, their sense of unsettlement and upheaval was immense. They could never return to their past lives and change was not so easy for these women who had never been given the opportunity to trespass their comfort zones.Some stories that movingly illustrated the dilemmas of such women are Jadein by Ismat Chughtai, Sikka Badal Gaya by Krishna Sobti Sahni and The Thirst Of Rivers by Joginder capital of Minnesota . These women had to undergo the process of relocating their selves. Many women like Bebe from The Thirst refused to pass away their homes assured of its protection from evils outside. H owever, their families were broken up with some members choosing to stay back and some leaving for a new land. Due to differences in opinion, family members snuff it estranged and refused to talk to each other or had problems meeting each other due to large geographical distances.Often, migrants did not have enough money to travel back and forth and permits were hard to come by. Due to mutual hostilities, communication across borders was sketchy at best. Hence, many a times, a graphic void between families occurred. All the while, the matriarch of the family remained a silent witness to veritable(a)ts. The family ties that she had spent all her lifespan building up and nurturing were breaking up right before her eyes and she was helpless, unable to act or intervene.Who would listen to her? Partition had served to further communal tension and hardening religious identities than perhaps any event in the history of India or Pakistan. People who had lived together for several millen nia with tranquillity were suddenly made conscious of their differences from each other. They who had been friends earlier were suddenly staunch enemies and women bore the brunt of these realizations. In Peshawar Express8, one such incident is narrated when at Wazirabad station, where Muslim, Hindu and Sikh communities had celebrated Baisakhi together for ages draws a site of base humiliation and relentless celebration the women of the Hindu and Sikhs communities were paraded around naked as if they were nothing but objects of gratification for the general public.These women had ferment mere shells, their souls long dead. In Kamleshwars Kitne Pakistan, the author ruminates upon the fruitlessness of Partition and the breaking of bonds of families, love and friendships due to its occurrence. It is the story of a Muslim girl, Bano who arrives in love with a Hindu boy, Mangal but is not able to marry him because of religious dogmas. She is t gaga that she will cause communal riots. There is a hidden implication in this viewpoint that seems to say that the cause of every mishappening must be a muliebrity somehow. Rules for men and women in traditional dogmatic societies are different It is ironic that men are not chastised for forcibly marrying a man of the other religion but they will not allow their daughters to choose her checkmate on her own and he may never belong to other religion.There is rampant hypocrisy and hollowness in societal mores regarding women. Bano is married off to Muneer who unable to provide for his family with his own hard cypher resorts to selling his own wifes body to earn money. The shamefulness of this situation is beyond imagination. These are not falsifications as advocated by fundamental religious leaders but a retelling of many womens lives. Another kind of psychological trauma that many women underwent was the loss of a child. Many women were squeeze to leave their children by their husband and children during flight. Childr en became a burden during this time.They had to be cared for especially with crucial funds required by the family going for their supplies. Also, escapees with children were more vulnerable to attacks by rioters since they not only had to look after themselves but look after their child as well. There are real life cases documented by Urvashi Bhutalia in her book, The other(a) Side Of Silence wherein women of Muslim as well as Hindu communities were forced to forswear their infants that could raise an alarm in the rioters by making noise. Sikh men told tales of killing their children, asking the author, if they should be saving themselves or their daughters?Clearly, mans inherent selfishness had come to the fore where no one mattered more than the self. Many children were abducted during the widespread chaos to be interchange off as domestic help or prostituted in the streets. Women who lost their children during this time were incessantly plagued by guilt and grief. One such cl eaning woman was Kulsum from Pali9 who lost her child and along with him, her mental balance as well. She was blanketed completely by her grief and only the return of her child restored her sanity. But meanwhile, Zenab who had taken care of her son, Dilip when she found him lost had developed a vexly bond with him and cannot bear parting with him. She knows that she has no biological claim over him but what the mind knows, the heart does not. Eventually, she has to reconcile herself with the reality of her situation.But her life will forever be shadowed by this sadness. Women who were forced by circumstances to give up their child were forever haunted by their own actions and decisions. They were forever in search of redemption and peace and could not reconcile themselves to the loss of their offspring. One example of this can be seen in The Abandoned Child10. Infant as well as toddler girls were left hand by the roadside or killed by their families to avoid making them a target. The life story of one such girl is narrated in Where Did She Belong by Suraiya Quasim wherein the help Munni is not sure of her religious or national identity. She is pushed into prostitution by her so-called deliveryman11 , who only wants to use her for economic gain.She is deceived by two of her customers who pretend to love her, but leave her bereft when Partition happens. Nobody asks for her or enquires as to her whereabouts. She is deceived by everyone in her life, ultimately. There were also cases of women who were injured and deceived by members of their own community. People who had been their well-wishers and whom they trusted implicitly, took utility of their vulnerability and preyed on their bodies. Ayeshas12 story is the ultimate tragedy of such a lady13. In simulation of protecting her and reuniting Ayesha with her daughter, Nurul takes her with him to Pakistan but betrays her trust by prostituting her instead. She is cursed to a life of assault, on her body and he r mind.Her saviour turns out to her destructor. She dies a life of desolation, her own brethren refusing to come to her aid and never seeing her child again. Afroz too in I Am Game14 falls weak due to her instincts of providing and caring for daughter. eyesight no option left for herself and her child, she agrees to prostitution. This depicts to us the sad state of affairs during Partition, when uncertainty and insecurity reigned supreme. Man, woman or children, all had to protect themselves on their own and women for the sake of their families were forced into professions of exploitation to earn their keep. in addition these atrocities, women were also subjected to particularly vulgar sexual attacks. Writers like Ashis Nandy, Veena Das, and Mushirul Hasan describe the bizarre and horrific nature of sexual violence afflicted on women. It was pornographic in its varied forms. Their bodies were mutilated, disfigured, slogans15 branded on them like they were animals, their wombs chop ped open and their foetuses savagely butchered. Women were reduced to spoils of war who were never allowed to unburden themselves or be free. They were reduced to a part of the multitude, just one of many.Many victims had been traumatised to an goal that they lost themselves to insanity. They could not cope with their reality. Many underwent derealisation16 wherein after the superficial wounds had mended, they started to deny that anything had ever happened to them. It became something of a nightmare, horrific but fantastical. Literature becomes a cathartic culture medium for many such women, a chance to narrate their tale. much(prenominal) memoirs also provided a base for Partition scholars to analyse the feminine subject in social and historical contexts of that time period. Partition has often been termed as the dark underbelly17 of Independence but what it really exposed was the base attitudes of patriarchal Indian society, be it any religion.It revealed how women were equate d with the community they belonged to. Though the violence was inter-religious in nature, the modes of inflicting violence were one and the same. All ethics were forgotten in the frenzy of religious vendetta. Revenge was used as an excuse to inflict wounds. They were the contested sites between two opposing cabals and were devoid of any agency. One example may be an incident in The metropolis Of Sorrow18 , where a man is forced to strip his sister naked by psyche of the other religion. When given a chance to retaliate, he forces his tormentor to strip his own wife naked.Hence, the retaliate is complete but ironically, in both cases, the women were the innocent parties who became the medium of exacting justice. They were expected to uphold familial and communal honour and were sacrificed at the altar of izzat19 if they were in danger of being captured by the enemy. The archetype of honour was internalised20 hence any stain on it was beyond tolerance by patriarchal society. Theref ore, to offend and hurt communal sentiments, it was natural that in order to debase the enemy and shed him of his honour, women of his community were targeted systematically.There were also women who had been indoctrinated to such an extent by religious propaganda that they committed suicide, misled into thinking that they were fulfilling their duty as women. This tradition dates back to the time of ancient Rajputs whose women committed Johar21 to sustain their honour. Hence, it has been a concept propagated throughout the history of religions, Hinduism especially. Bhishma Sahni in Tamas and Jyotirmoyee in The River Churning present such incidents where women of Hindu and Sikh communities drown themselves in wells in order to fork out22 themselves. Women of the family were the most precious possessions and were to be protected at all costs.However, when they presented an breastwork in the escape of their family, they were brutally martyred23 without compunctions by the family its elf. The men of the family did it all in order to save themselves first and to prevent dealing with the hassle of looking after these women. Such people had no conscience in them. This is demonstrated in Shauna Singh Baldwins novel What The Body Remembers where the daughter-in-law of a Sikh family, Kusum is mercilessly killed by her father-in-law and furthermore chopped into pieces to prevent her from being contaminated24 by Muslims.Her womb is also outside as a symbolic gesture to signify her being pure25. We can therefore read into the implied fear and repulsion of a child born of an inter-religious union. Hence, Kusum is a victim of her own familys moral code. Such incidents are not hyperbolic in nature but rather fictionalized accounts of reality. Women who were misfortunate enough to fall into the hands of the other26 and raped by them could never again return to their roots. They were dirtied and treated as untouchable because they had lost their chastity to the enemy. In Th e River Churning, the protagonist, Sutara is treated as a lower company untouchable would be27.Though never raped, even staying in a Muslim household had damned her. She had become polluted like Sita. Like Sita, she became a victim of social morality.28 If women had become pregnant somehow, it was even worse for them. They were miscarried forcibly and if the child was born somehow, he or she was never accepted as a part of the family. Women themselves had to come to terms with their reality. They had to learn to let go of their self-loathing which often took root in their minds. They had to live with a child who was a constant reminder of their suffering. Yet, women intentional to let go and forgive but their families could not move past this situation. The woman was given the choice of either abandoning her children or her family.Therefore, she was kept detain in overlapping identities of woman, mother and daughter. There was no time to consider the interests of the self. The ch ildren of such women were often physically, mentally and verbally abused all throughout their lives. They were the victims of religious hatred. It left deep scars on their psyche that could never be repaired. They were often castigated for having lived and their mothers looked at with contempt for not having died in order to preserve themselves. Women often started hating their own selves when faced with a constant stream of disgust and repulsion. It is said that Rape is the only crime where the victim is held guilty and these women were the prime examples of this adage.They were made to feel guilty, demeaned and dehumanized to such an extent that they often felt that death would perhaps have been a better option. Women were at the highest risk of being abducted during migration across borders. These women stranded on the wrong side were forcibly converted and married off to their abductors. They were raped repeatedly or sold off as entertainment. Women were objectified as commodit ies and their bodies became alien to their own selves. They were not their own persons but mere belongings. Anis Kidwai in her novel, Azaadi Ki Chaon Mein writes starkly about these girls who were nothing but stuff to be shared among the men who were, but slaves of their lust.In his short story, Open It, Saadat Hasan Manto further elaborates upon the savagery doled out to these women. The main protagonist, Sakina had been ravaged to such an extent that she had lost her personality and her sanity. She was alive only physically, but emotionally and mentally dead. She knew nothing but what she had been forced to go through again and again. Her senses had been so wrecked that she only expects men to want one thing from her i.e. her body. This story presents a horrifying picture to the reader who is compelled to question if Sakina will ever recover from her trauma. Other women were forcibly married off to their abductors and underwent alienation of the self. They were conflicted as to th eir identities.On one hand, they felt abhorrence for their abductors. On the other hand, such marriages often bore children which caused these women to war with their motherly instincts. Ultimately losing all hope of give up or restoration, these women had resigned to their life but, again, they were expected to return at the behest of the respective governments of the two countries. Women had become mere tools of diplomatic manoeuvring between the hostile governments who were under immense political pressure to retrieve the population of women that had been left stern or abducted during Partition.One such womans tale is narrated in Exile29 where the woman narrator is forcibly married to her abductor, Gurpal, a man who regards her as nothing more than a housemaid that he brought to serve his mother (Badi Ma). What is even more poignant is the fact that Badi Ma, a woman herself is not able to empathise with her Bahu30 or show kindness towards her. She is merely there to serve thei r needs, like a tool. Ironically, Gurpal who is clearly devoted towards his mother evidently has no guilt about ill-treating a woman of another community.We can see here the oppressive influence of patriarchal society that does not allow for women to exercise an opinion of their own. The narrator has never been able to accept Gurpal as her husband. In nine years she has never able to understand why her brother, whom she dearly loves has not come to rescue her. She feels lonely and abandoned by her loved ones. She longs for her home and wants her life to end at last so she can be at peace. When the soldiers arrive to rescue her, she knows that she cannot return since she will not be accepted back as a mother. And she cannot leave her children. Hence she hides from the soldiers.Her apprehension of the other option can be justified by reading Lajwanti31 whose tragedy is shrouded by complete silence. She was treated abominably by her husband, Sunderlal who asserts his domination over he r body and mind by beating her like an animal. She bore it all as part of her wifelike duties clearly adhering to traditional norms of domesticity. But when she is abducted during Partition chaos, her husband, perhaps, feeling remorse for how he had treated her, became a candidate for the rights of abductee women.He advocates their rehabilitation and reacceptance into society but when his wife, Lajo is restored to him, he distances himself from her and sets her on the pedestal of a goddess. She feels alienated, lonely and longs for her old life where she could at least interact with her husband. In the present, her husband wants her to forget her sufferings and not to speak of them. But can the past really be forgotten as easily as he valued it to be? Many women who had built new lives for themselves post-Partition often came face to face with their pasts when their lost loved ones returned back to them. In this situation, what was the woman to do? Should she abandon her present life to return to her past rapture? This is ostensibly a problem to which there is no clear-cut solution.But it was often expected of women to move on from their pasts and not look back but even they are living, breathing human beings with feelings and emotions. These may be unwanted but cannot be so easily banished from the mind. Women end up feeling conflicted all throughout their lives. One text that accurately depicts one such situation is A Visitor From Pakistan32 where the protagonist Saraswati is trapped between her first husband, Baldev whom she had thought dead and her husband at present, Sunderdas who had save her and her parents during the riots.Her own mother chastises her for even talking to Baldev so then who will understand her predicament? She is blamed for something that she is not even responsible for. Partition left a long-lasting impact on the women who witnessed and suffered through it. They passed on the lessons they learned to their daughters hoping for a b etter future for them. It is an important part of womens history and it should be analysed carefully to change the conservative thought processes of Indian society to avoid women from becoming subjects of patriarchal oppression and break the repetitive patterns of history.END NOTES 1. India and Pakistan were divided along the Radcliffe Line with Muslim majority areas seceded to Pakistan and Hindu-Sikh majority areas to India. 2. Mahatma Gandhi was deemed the Father Of The Nation and hence affectionately called Bapu by the general populace. 3. J.L. Nehru and M.A. Jinnah were leaders of the Congress party and Muslim League respectively. They were not gentle to sharing power in the united govt. of sovereign India and hence the only option was to divide the boorish with both parties ruling over their majority vote areas.4. The metaphor of madness was used by many Partition writers like Saadat Hasan Manto in Toba Tek Singh to describe the religious hatred that changed normal people i nto rioters, rapists and murderers. 5. J.L. Nehru stated this in The International Womens Conference in 1947 alluding to the extreme violence perpetrated upon women in North India. 6. Ideas postulated by Carl Jung and support by Freudian theories. 7. Women were kept under purdah and not allowed to meet with people outside the family. Women lived in separate quarters of the house called the antahpur which was solely in their control. 8. create verbally by Krishan Chander9. written by Bhishma Sahni10. written by Gurmukh Singh Musafir11. Ironic since Munnis saviour is herself a victim of circumstances and Munni is just a way to earn more money. 12. A Grave Turned Inside Out by Ibrahim Jalees13. Ayesha was the lady of a noble family but debased to the level of a common prostitute. Shows that societal hierarchies were suspended during Partition. 14. written by Sultan Jamil Nasim15. The slogans Hindustan Zindabad and Pakistan Zindabad were carved onto their bodies as validating gestures of the victimisers own national identity. 16. Derealisation is a psychological condition where the subject deludes himself/herself into thinking that their present reality is illusory and unreal and that reality is different. 17. Independence was achieved after a long struggle, so there was jubilation among the people but at the same time, this happiness was marred by the grief of Partition and its aftermath. 18. written by Intizar Hussain19. Izzat is one of the basic concepts of Hindu woman where a womans honour is defined by her chastity and any outrage of her bashfulness stains her honour as well as her familys. The familys honour is an extension of the womans honour. 20. internalisation is the process of integration of certain values as part of the self-identification. It becomes a part of ones self-image.21. Johar is the ancient Rajput tradition of women jumping into huge fire-pits to save their honour from the enemys army if trouncing seemed imminent. 22. Women jumped into wells to protect themselves from rape and mutilation. Dying chaste was preferred to living a life of humiliation. Hence, they were saved in the eyes of society. 23. Women who committed suicide were venerated because they were believed to have died for a noble cause. Hence, their deaths received social promote and appreciation. 24. If women were raped, their bodies no longer remained solely of their religion. And, hence, inter-religious taboos were applied to such women. Hence chopping of the bodies signified that no one of the other side had had sex with her or would be able to.25. The womb was removed to signify that it did not deliver a Muslim bastard child and her ability to do so is removed from her. 26. During conflict, the opposing faction is alienated and presented as someone strange and unfamiliar to the minds of the mob. This requires dehumanization of the people from the other side so that they do not evoke emotions of sympathy.27. The taboos associated with untouchabil ity are not allowing them to eat and drink from the same vessels and prevent from pinch them. 28. Sita was banished from Ayodhya because even though she was pure, the people of Rams kingdom did not believe her. Doubts were cast on her character since she had lived in Ravanas Lanka for a long time. 29. Written by Jamila Hashmi30. When a bahu arrives in her married household, she is bedecked with jewels, dressed in finery and serenaded by shehnai. She is full of happiness and hope. Here, the narrator is exactly opposed to this situation and yet, ironically she has become the bahu of a family. 31. written by Rajinder Singh Bedi32. written by RamlalBIBLIOGRAPHY1. Partition In Fiction Gendered Perspectives, Isabella Bruschi, spic-and-span Delhi, Atlantic Publishers Distributors (P) Ltd.,2010 2. In The Heat Of Fratricide The Literature Of Indias Partition Burning Freshly (A refreshen Article),Jason Francisco 3. Stories About The Partition Of India, Vol. 1.,Ed. By Alok Bhalla, Delhi,Ha rper Collins, 1994 4. Re-Membering Woman Partition,Gender And Reorientations, Narrating PartitionTexts,Interpretations And Ideas, Sukrita Paul Kumar, Indialog Publications,2004

Promoting Good Health Primary Care

Promoting Good wellness primary CareHealth professionals, particularly those performanceing in primary apprehension, wipe out an important part to reckon in promoting good wellness. thuslyce it is the intention of this leaven to explain the theoretical base that underpins the entertains wellness furtherance practice. Reference testament be made specific all in ally to promoting good nutritional in pull back and hale make its for nestlingren. The essay w chastisement identify how evidence-based research concerning the subject of wellness procession give the sack be make use ofd to swear the practice of the nurse. The essay will highlight the priority outpouringn to the progressal material of wholesome eating by use of examining current government guidelines and wellnesscare strategies.This part of the essay will examine potential definitions of health. Health is not just about physical health only when also about mental and mixer well-being. It whitet horn be roughly effective when meeting basic needs, accessing relevant information and relying on family or community support (Bury 2005). The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines health promotion as the process of alter state to increase control over, and to improve their health (WHO 1998). The growth of interest and exercise in health promotion over recent years must also attempt to develop about methods of bar to ill-health (Downie et al. 2000). Factors border the nutritional health of children has many elements some of which include their genetic make-up, environmental influences and the stage of increment of the child (Holden and MacDonald 2000). Eriksons (1968) established the psycho companionable theory of development which took into consideration the effect of external aspects, parents and society on reputation development from childhood to adulthood (Erikson 1968). According to Eriksons (1968) theory every person must pass by means of a series of eight inter-re lated stages of their life cycle. Stage number four is inculcate-age child where children are skill and developing new skills and it is also a very brotherly stage of development (Erikson 1968). Social issues will be discussed in much depth later in this essay.According to the economical presidential term nurses and midwives act a dynamic and vital intent in improving health and delivering health services to the raft of Scotland (Scottish Government 2001). Therefore in toll of promoting the health of children through levelheaded nutrition, nurses are encouraged to set children through visits to schools, attending youth groups, giving advice to new parents and offering advice at clinics and so on. The school nurse works in cooperation with the school to produce an environment that enhances healthy quick as well as looking after the needs of individual children (School Nurse 2010). Health information is important for preparing the tender, practical and excited knowled ge of children and providing them with social skills. It also helps to protect and promote the health of children through an environment and culture which is safe, healthy and beneficial to learning (Department of Health 2004). Holden and MacDonald (2000) identified that nutritional education is essential to enable children to make sensible choices about food and understand the relationship between feed and health. Nurses are oft for sale to give advice and guidance on good diet and nutrition and regularly give health talks at school assemblies. The next part of the essay will look at some of the legislation surrounding health promotion for children.School meals in Scotland have undergone a transformation over the past a couple of(prenominal) years due to the Hungry for Success Initiative which introduced nutritional guidelines for school lunches (Fife Council 2010). The Schools Health Promotion and support Scotland Act (2007) encourages the Hungry for Success programme and r equires all local authorities to ensure that food and plight provided in schools comply with the nutritional requirements specified in the regulations. This act places health promotion at the revolve around of school activities. It encourages local authorities to provide school pupils with healthy drinks and snacks all free of charge or at a lose weightd cost. It also requires local authorities to promote school meals and to also reduce the stigma attached for pupils having free school meals. Another project that was initiated was the Hygiene, Healthy Eating and Activity in Primary Schools Initiative (HHEAPS) (Food Standards Agency 2009). This was devised for schools to raise childrens cognisantness of food hygiene, healthy eating and physical activity and the main(prenominal) concept was to link the three unitedly, providing children with a basic understanding of how colds and flu viruses spread, how they basin looking mentally and physically better about themselves, as we ll as enjoy fun activities with their peers. The enormousness of health promotion in schools is a key part of the role of the school nurse and often concentrates on exercise and healthy eating which flowerpot include fighting obesity and perhaps however eating disorders (School Nurse 2010).The Scottish Government (in partnership with Learning Teaching Scotland and NHS Health Scotland), have produced a leaflet called Healthy at Schools Healthy for Life which acts as a guide for parents to explain wherefore schools are promoting health (Scottish Government 2009), so as to keep parents involved. Pupils are giving the opportunity to take part in a physical activity or sport and they learn about health in many different subjects. The social, mental, emotional and physical health of school pupils are the responsibility of all teaching and non-teaching staff in schools. Good nutrition has a positive influence on child development and any health promotion involvement that focus on child ren and young people endure be the basis for a healthy lifestyle that may be continued into adulthood (Licence 2004). Therefore the priority of health promotion and nutrition education is directed mainly at changing diet and lifestyles, with the aim of reducing chronic sicknesss (Webb 2002). According to The Scottish Government (2008), 20% of primary one school children are classed as overweight, some even categorised as being obese. Childhood obesity pile lead to childhood diabetes, early puberty in girls and can lead to some types of cancers and heart disease later in life (Kozier 2008). It is therefore vital to begin health promotion in children as early as possible, to allow them to make their own choices about their health as they become older.Having examined some of the policies surrounding health promotion, it is now appropriate to examine the role of the nurse as a health promoter in greater depth. The nurses role in health promotion and health education involves pickin gs into sum up all of the processes involved from assessing, planning, implementing and evaluating, as these are all essential elements of a health promotion programme (Whitehead 2002). According to Kemm and Close (1995), health promotion is an activity that intends to prevent disease or promote health. One of the key aspects of health promotion is attitude and to suggest ways to switch attitude and its associated demeanour is of the main objectives in health promotion (Downie et al. 2000). It is vital to adopt the intimately important approach to health promotion and Ewles and Simnett (2005) suggest five approaches to health promotion medical, behavioural change, educational, empowerment and social change. In terms of health promotion for children the educational approach and the behavioural change can be linked to arse aroundher as school education programmes can help pupils to learn the skills of healthy donjon thus aiming to change their attitudes and behaviour with the hop e of them adopting a healthier lifestyle (Ewles and Simnett 2005).To provide structure for health promotion, several health promotion models have been developed. One of the better known and most popular one is Tannahills model of health promotion (1995) which describes health promotion as three interlinked circles that include health education, health prevention and health protection. As the circles overlap they form the seven components of health, and number five on the list positive health education is aimed at changing behaviour and encouraging beneficial use of leisure time as in exercise and fitness (Downie et al. 2000). Changing behaviour could be done by either educating parents in positive health or by showing the consequences of poor health. Health education is described as an activity aimed at informing people about the prevention of disease, and according to Naidoo and Wills (2000) health prevention can be divided into three categories. Primary prevention is aimed at pr evention of the start of the disease, secondary is aimed at preventing the development of the disease and tertiary is aimed to reduce any further suffering for those who are already ill (Naidoo and Wills 2000). The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (WHO 1986) outlines the key principles for health promotion which include strengthening individuals individual(prenominal) skills and capacities, empowerment and because society is forever changing, be able to create a healthy working and living environment.Dahlgren and Whitehead (1991) established the Determinants of Health model which explained how health is shaped by a variety of factors either positively or negatively. Economic, social and environmental conditions can finalize the health of people and populations and also include in this model are the essential changes in the circumstances of daily life. Such factors can limit whether or not a person is in the right position, either physically, socially or in person to meet their requirements, succeed and be able to cope with changes in their situations (Local Government 2010).In terms of social issues, it is vital to highlight that promoting good health amongst children is virtually impossible unless parents are also scrapeed. Since parents and carers make most decisions regarding what a child eats, perhaps whether they can go out to play and whether they can join organise sporting activities, it is important that parents also have appropriate information on how to keep their child healthy (NHS Scotland 2010). Healthy families are better equipped to deal with challenges such as illness as they have developed effective coping strategies. Midwives can begin the process by giving targeted information to large(p) parents on initiatives such as breast feeding, childhood immunisations and different activities to nurture happy, healthy babies. Some of these activities may include toddler swimming lessons or attending baby rhyme time classes (Netmums East of Sc otland 2010). Nurses could then reinforce this by providing further information and advice during clinics, nursery classes and through school-based drop-in advice services (Advice Guide 2010).Nurses can use their role as a liaison between health and education by working in partnership with members of the teaching profession to promote good health to young children. This might be by providing training for school-based staff to support children with healthcare needs such as asthma or diabetes or working with physical education teachers to encourage all children to take part in sports and other activities (The Scottish Government 2003). It is important that nurses show children wherefore good nutritional intake is so important, by focus on how it will not only prevent future illnesses, but it will help them to incur better and be more alert and active. It is also important to include how environmental issues such as poor housing, poor income and low levels of education can all affec t the health of children (The Scottish Government 2003). Children can only follow through by choosing the healthy options they have been taught if they understand the importance of why they should choose a healthy diet (Frey and Barrett 2006). Fast food chains can also target children, and although many of them offer healthy choices, it is vital that children and parents understand the consequences of always choosing the unhealthy options, such as greasy foods potentially leading to heart disease, or sugary drinks leading to tooth decay (Food Standards Agency 2005). It might be possible to use educational aids such as pictures and videos to highlight to slightly older children and their parents of what could bechance if they continually choose unhealthy foods (Brown and Ogden 2004).Nurses who work with children and young people also have an important role in identifying children who may be at peril of malnutrition. It is important for nurses to be able to recognise health problem s that may be related to poor nutrition, for example, tiredness, slow growth, delayed puberty, pale skin and poor haircloth condition. The Royal College of breast feeding (2006) suggests that basic screening of a childs nutritional status contributes significantly to identifying children at risk (RCN 2003). The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) have specific guidelines developed on evidence based clinical practice for the National Health Service (NHS) and they suggest that children whose families live in a deprived empyrean should be considered as an increased risk of developing tooth decay (SIGN 2005). Parents and carers should receive oral hygiene education from the local dental team and health professionals should ensure that oral health messages are relevant and relevant to lifestyles and communities (SIGN 2005).Nurses need to take into account the social world of their patients and to understand their social situations. Factors within the social and parenta l environment can influence health and development (Bromley and Cunningham-Burley 2010). The nurses role is to recognise the relationship between social issues and health and to be aware of cultural differences with regards to nutrition (Food Standards Agency 2002). According to Save the Children Scotland (2009) 240,000 children in Scotland live in poverty that is one in four young people in families that campaign to get by every day. Families on low incomes find it hard to provide the basic necessities like decent, healthy food so therefore poverty affects the way that people eat (Save the Children Scotland 2009). Circumstances and the environment determine whether families are healthy or not. Genetics, relationships, education levels and income all have a huge impact on health (Anon. 2010). The nurses role in health promotion also includes health psychology which is the understanding of psychological influences on how people stay healthy. Health care professionals deal with probl ems identified by behaviours, attitudes, diet, exercise and so on (Ogden 2003). Some socially excluded families may not have the communication skills to identify and utilise what is available in terms of health promotion and disadvantaged families may have difficulty in taking up healthy options. Parents perceptions of healthy eating and exercising need to change and parents need to be more aware of the outcomes of an unhealthy diet. Children follow in their parents footsteps and do what they are brought up to think is correct.According to Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008), nurses are bound by and must adhere to the NMC Code of Conduct which states that it is the nurses duty to care for their patients and they must try and do what they think is best for them (NMC 2008). Nurses need to make people more aware of their role in promoting health and well-being of children and young people. Nurses need to work together with other health professionals including social care and local cou ncils to change families attitudes and behaviours (Moyse 2009). Overall families are resilient and resourceful but they may need extra support and outside help to adapt successfully. Families cannot be forced to change but nurses can give them enough information and offer support to help them to change. Families need to believe that they can change and that changes will be good for them and that they will benefit from changing their lifestyles. Nurses need to influence the health of communities and problem areas. The Scottish Government published a paper which provided a framework to support a programme which could help to deliver a policy for health improvement (The Scottish Government 2003). The main objectives in this paper for health improvement are that by 2010 -2012 life expectancy for people living in all areas of Scotland should be improved and it is also expected that inequalities between the most deprived and most comfortable groups should be reduced (Scottish Government 2 003).In conclusion, this essay has examined some of the issues surrounding health promotion in children, focusing specifically on nutritional intake. It has firstly explained the knowledge base that underpins the nurses health promotion practice. The essay has looked at some of the legislation and government policies surrounding health promotion, and then also looked at the role of the nurse as a health promoter, and how a nurse must take into account social and educational issues when attempting to implement any health promotion initiative. The essay looked at a health promotion model and one component of this was discussed in more detail. Having examined current government guidelines and healthcare strategies, the essay then looked at guidelines that were developed on evidence based clinical research. Nurses should try to encourage people to take responsibility for their health and to make them more aware of the long term affects an unhealthy diet can have on younger children. Bad nutrition affects skin, hair, nails and teeth. The essay has also discussed factors within the social and maternal environment which can influence health and development. It has also looked at why nurses must work together effectively with other health professionals to change family attitudes and behaviours. This essay has also discussed why people struggle to change, the effect of social class and health inequalities. Throughout completion of this essay it has become apparent that health promotion of children and young people is a vital part of the role of the nurse and the nurse can influence health improvement through health promotion.2852 words